Author: Alison Weir
Category: Nonfiction
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He was styled Prince of Cumbria in his youth. He became joint King of Scotland with Donald III, his uncle, on 12 November, 1094, following the death of his half-brother, Duncan II. Edmund’s authority was confined to the area south of the Forth/Clyde line, while Donald III ruled north of it. There is no record of Edmund’s coronation.
KING EDMUND
He was deposed (along with Donald III) in October, 1097, in favour of his brother Edgar. Edmund became a monk at Montacute Abbey, Somerset, where he later died (the date of his death is unknown). He was probably buried in Montacute Abbey. He never married, or had children.
He was succeeded by his brother Edgar.
King Edgar
* * *
FATHER: Malcolm III ( see here).
MOTHER: St Margaret ( see here, under Malcolm III).
SIBLINGS: ( see here, under Malcolm III).
KING EDGAR
He was born around c.1072/4. He succeeded Donald III and Edmund (joint rulers) as King of Scotland in October, 1097. There is no record of his coronation.
KING EDGAR
He died unmarried and childless on 8 January, 1107, either at Dundee, or at Edinburgh Castle, and was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.
He was succeeded by his brother Alexander.
Alexander I
* * *
FATHER: Malcolm III ( see here).
MOTHER: St Margaret ( see here, under Malcolm III).
SIBLINGS: ( see here, under Malcolm III).
ALEXANDER I
Known as ‘the Fierce’, he was born in c.1077/8. He succeeded his brother Edgar as King of Scotland on 8 January, 1107. There is no record of his coronation.
Alexander I married, in c.1107 (although no record exists as to where):
Sybilla
She was an illegitimate daughter of Henry I, King of England, by Sybilla Corbet, and she was born around c.1092 at Domfront, Normandy. She died on 12/13 July, 1122, on the Island of the Woman (Eilean ham Bam), Loch Tay, Perthshire, and was buried in a church there. There was no issue of the marriage.
Alexander I had the following illegitimate issue:
1 Malcolm MacHeth, Earl of Ross (1105/15?–1168); he married a sister of Somerled, Lord of Argyll, and had issue.
ALEXANDER I
He died on 23, 25 or 27 April, 1124, at Stirling Castle, and was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.
He was succeeded by his brother David.
David I
* * *
FATHER: Malcolm III ( see here).
MOTHER: St Margaret ( see here, under Malcolm III).
SIBLINGS: ( see here, under Malcolm III).
DAVID I
He was born around 1080/85, and was designated Prince of Cumbria in 1107. He was styled Earl of Huntingdon in right of his wife, and possibly also Earl of Northampton from c.1113/14. He succeeded his brother Alexander I as King of Scotland on 23, 25 or 27 April, 1124. There is no record of his coronation.
David I married, in 1113/14 (although no record exists as to where):
Matilda
She was the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, by Judith, daughter of Lambert of Boulogne, Count of Lens, by Adeliza, sister of William I, King of England, and she was born in c.1074. She married firstly Simon de St Liz, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton (d. after 1111), in c.1090, and had issue:
1 Simon, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton (after 1103–1153); he married Isabella, daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester, and had issue.
2 St Waltheof, Abbot of Melrose (c.1100–1159/60).
3 Matilda (d.1140); she married Robert FitzRichard (d.1134), and had issue.
Matilda died between 23 April, 1130, and 22 April, 1131 (although she appears in a charter of 1147, now thought to be spurious), and was buried in Scone Abbey, Perthshire.
Issue of marriage:
1 Malcolm
Probably the firstborn. He died young. He is said to have been strangled in infancy by Donald III, although this is chronologically impossible, as Donald died in 1099, and Malcolm was not born until 1113 or later.
2 Henry
He was born in c.1114/15, and succeeded to the earldom of Huntingdon upon his father’s resignation in c.February, 1136. He was created Earl of Northumberland in 1139. He died on 12 June, 1152, and was buried in Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire.
Henry had the following illegitimate issue:
1 Margaret or Marjorie; she married John de Lindsay, and had issue.
Henry married, in 1139 (although no record exists as to where):
Ada
Also called Adama or Adeline, she was the daughter of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, by Isabella, daughter of Hugh, Count of Vermandois. She died in 1178.
Issue of marriage:
(i) Malcolm IV ( see here).
(ii) King William the Lyon ( see here).
(iii) David
He was born in c.1143/52. He succeeded his father as Earl of Huntingdon, Earl of Northumberland, Earl of Carlisle and Earl of Doncaster on 12 June, 1152 (his succession being confirmed in 1185). He was created Earl of Garioch in c.1180, and Earl of Cambridge and Earl of Lennox in 1205. He was deprived of all his English honours in 1215/16, but restored to them on 13 March, 1218. He died on 17 June, 1219, at Yardley, Northants., and was buried in Sawtrey Abbey, Hunts.
David had the following illegitimate issue:
1 Henry of Stirling.
2 Henry of Brechin (d.1238); he married Juliana, probably the daughter of Ralph de Cornhill, and had issue.
3 Ada; she married Malise, son of Ferteth, Earl of Strathearn.
4 David (?).
David married, on 26 August, 1190 (although no record exists as to where):
Matilda
She was the daughter of Hugh de Kevilloc, Earl of Chester, by Bertrada, daughter of Simon de Montfort, Count of Evreux, and she was born in 1171. She died on 6 January, 1233.
Issue of marriage:
(a) Robert
He died young, and was buried in Lindores Abbey, Fife.
(b) Isabella
She was born in 1206, and was known as ‘Isabella the Scot’.
She married Robert le Brus, ‘the Noble’, Lord of Annandale (d.1245), and had issue:
1 Robert, Lord of Annandale, a Competitor for the Crown of Scotland in 1292 (1220–1295); he married firstly Isabella (1226–1254), daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester, and secondly Christina (d.c.1305), daughter of Sir William de Ireby, by whom he had issue:
Robert le Brus ( see here, under Robert I).
2 Beatrice; she married Hugh de Neville.
Isabella died in c.1251, and was buried in Saltre Abbey, near Stilton, Gloucs.
(c) John
Known as ‘the Scot’, he was born in c.1207, and succeeded his father as Earl of Huntingdon and Garioch on 17 June, 1219. He was created Earl of Chester on 21 November, 1232. He died shortly before 6 June, 1237, at Darnal, and was buried in the Church of St Werburg, Chester.
John married, in c.1220/22 (although no record exists as to where):
Helen
She was the daughter of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Wales, by Joan, illegitimate daughter of John, King of England. After the death of John the Scot, she married secondly Robert de Quincy (d.1257) in 1237, and had issue:
1 Hawise (1250?–1295?); she married Baldwin Wake (d.1282), and had issue.
2 Joan (d.1283); she married Humphrey de Bohun (d.1265).
Helen died in 1253.
(d) Henry
He died young after 1215, and was buried in Lindores Abbey, Fife.
(e) Ada
She married Henry de Hastings (d.1250?) before 7 June, 1237, and had issue:
1 Henry, 1st Baron Hastings (d.1269); he married Joan de Cantelou (d.1271), and had issue.
Ada died after 1241.
(f) Margaret
She married Alan, Lord of Galloway (d.1234), in 1209, and had issue:
1 Devorguilla ( see here, unde
r King John Balliol).
2 Christina (d.1246); she married William de Forz, 5th Earl of Aumale (d.1241).
Margaret died in 1228.
(g) Matilda
She died unmarried.
(iv) Ada
She was born after 1139. She married Florence III, Count of Holland (d.c.1191), in 1162, and had issue:
1 Florence IV, Count of Holland, and Competitor for the Crown of Scotland in 1192 (murdered 1206?).
Ada died after 1206.
(v) Margaret
She married firstly Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (d.1171), in 1159/60, and had issue:
1 Constance, Duchess of Brittany ( see here, under Henry II of England).
Margaret married secondly Humphrey de Bohun (d.1182) before Easter, 1175, and had issue:
2 Henry, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176?–1220); he married Matilda (d.1236), daughter of Geoffrey FitzPiers, Earl of Essex, and had issue.
(vi) Isabella
She married Robert, Baron Ros of Wark (d.1174), and had issue, but no details are recorded.
(vii) Matilda
She died young in 1152.
(viii) Marjorie (?)
She is said to have been Earl Henry’s daughter by his wife Ada, but is now thought to have been more probably the daughter of one of the bastard sons of David, Earl of Huntingdon ( above), both of whom were called Henry. In 1291, Robert de Pinkeney, one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland, claimed to be her great-grandson, but there is no contemporary evidence for her parentage. She is said to have married Sir David de Lindsay, Lord of Luffness (d.c.1214), and to have had issue:
1 David, a knight (d.1241); he married a lady called Christina.
2 Gerard, a knight (d.1249).
3 Walter; he is said to have married Christina Huse, and to have had issue.
4 William.
5 Alice; she married Sir Henry de Pinkeney, Lord of Wedon-Pinkeney, and had issue.
3 Claricia
She died unmarried.
4 Hodierna
She died young and unmarried.
DAVID I
He died on 24 May, 1153, at Carlisle in Cumbria, and was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, Fife. He was known as ‘the Saint’, and was popularly reputed as one after his death.
He was succeeded by his grandson Malcolm.
Malcolm IV
* * *
FATHER: Henry, Earl of Huntingdon ( see here, under David I).
MOTHER: Ada de Warenne ( see here, under David I).
SIBLINGS: ( see here, under David I).
MALCOLM IV
Known as ‘the Maiden’, he was born on 20 March, 1141/2. He succeeded his grandfather David I as King of Scotland on 24 May, 1153, and was crowned soon afterwards (the date is unknown) at Scone Abbey, Perthshire.
Malcolm IV is said, with reservations, to have had the following illegitimate issue:
1 Henry (d.1152 sic.). His existence rests only upon very obscure evidence, and he has perhaps been confused with King Malcolm’s father, Henry. The date of his death, 1152, is impossible, as his alleged father was then no more than 11 years old.
MALCOLM IV
He died unmarried on 9 December, 1165, at Jedburgh Castle, and was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.
He was succeeded by his brother William.
King William
* * *
FATHER: Henry, Earl of Huntingdon ( see here, under David I).
MOTHER: Ada de Warenne ( see here, under David I).
SIBLINGS: ( see here, under David I).
KING WILLIAM
Known as ‘the Lyon’, he was born in c.1142/3. He succeeded his father as Earl of Northumberland on 12 June, 1152, but surrendered this earldom in 1157. He succeeded his brother Malcolm IV as King of Scotland on 9 December, 1165, and was crowned on 24 December, 1165, at Scone Abbey, Perthshire.
King William married, on 5 September, 1186, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon.:
Ermengarde
She was the daughter of Richard, Viscount of Beaumont-le-Maine, by Constance, illegitimate daughter of Henry I, King of England. She died on 11 February, 1233/4, and was buried in Balmerino Abbey, Fife.
Issue of marriage:
1 Margaret
She was born in c.1193. She married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (d.1243), on 19 June, 1221, and had issue:
1 Margaret (Megotta) (1222?–1237); she married Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester (1222?–1262).
Margaret died in 1259, and was buried in the Church of the Black Friars, London.
2 Alexander II ( see here).
3 Isabella
She married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (1212?–1270), in May, 1225, at Alnwick, Northumberland. She was repudiated by her husband on grounds of consanguinity in 1245, but was reconciled to him in 1253. The date of her death is not known. She was buried in the Church of the Black Friars, London.
4 Marjorie
She married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke (d.1241), either before 14 July, or on 1 August, 1235, at Berwick-upon-Tweed. She died on 17 November, 1244, and was buried in the Church of the Black Friars, London.
King William also had the following illegitimate issue:
By the daughter of Adam de Hythus:
1 Margaret (d. after 1226); she married Eustace de Vesci (1169–1216), and had issue.
By a daughter of Robert Avenal:
2 Isabella; she married firstly Robert le Brus (d. before 1191), and had issue. She married secondly Robert de Ros, 1st Baron Ros of Helmsley (d.1226), and had issue.
By unknown mothers:
3 Robert de London.
4 Henry Galightly; he married and had issue.
5 Ada (d.1200); she married Patrick, 4th Earl of Dunbar (1152–1232), and had issue.
6 Aufrica; she married William de Say and had issue.
7 Unnamed child.
8 Unnamed child.
9 Unnamed child. No information exists about these three children.
KING WILLIAM
He died on 4 December, 1214, at Stirling, and was buried in Arbroath Abbey, Scotland.
He was succeeded by his son Alexander.
Alexander II
* * *
FATHER: King William the Lyon ( see here).
MOTHER: Ermengarde de Beaumont ( see here, under King William).
SIBLINGS: ( see here, under King William).
ALEXANDER II
He was born on 24 August, 1198, at Haddington, East Lothian. his father as King of Scotland on 4 December, 1214, and was crowned on 6 December, 1214, at Scone Abbey, Perthshire.
Alexander II married firstly, on 18 or 25 June, 1221, at York Minster:
Joan
She was the daughter of John, King of England, by Isabella of Angoulême, and she was born on 22 July, 1210 (or, far less probably, in 1203 in Normandy). She died on 4, 5 or 12 March, 1238, at Havering-atte-Bower, Essex, and was buried in Tarrant Crawford Abbey, Dorset. There was no issue of the marriage.
Alexander II married secondly, on 15 May, 1239, at Roxburgh:
Mary
She was the daughter of Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy, by Mary, daughter of John, Lord of Montmirel-en-Brie. After the death of Alexander II, she married secondly John of Brienne, son of the King of Jerusalem, before 6 June, 1257. The date of her death is not known. She was buried at Newbottle, Scotland.
Issue of marriage:
1 Alexander III ( see here)
Alexander II also had the following illegitimate issue:
1 Marjorie; she married Alan Durward, and had issue.
ALEXANDER II
He died on 6 July, 1249, on the Isle of Kerrara in the Bay of Oban, and was buried in Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire.
He was succeeded by his son Alexander.
Alexander III
* * *
FATHER: Alexander II ( see here).
MOTHER: Mary de Coucy ( see here, under Alexander II).
SIBLINGS: Alexander III did not have any legitimate siblings.
/> ALEXANDER III
Known as ‘the Glorious’, he was born on 4 September, 1241, at Roxburgh. He succeeded his father as King of Scotland on 8 July, 1249, and was crowned on 13 July, 1249, at Scone Abbey, Perthshire.
Alexander III married firstly, on 26 December, 1251, at York Minster:
Margaret
She was the daughter of Henry III, King of England, by Eleanor of Provence, and she was born on 29 September or 5 October, 1240, at Windsor Castle. She died on 26/27 February, 1275, at Cupar Castle, Fife, and was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.
Issue of marriage:
1 Margaret
She was born on 28 February, 1261, at Windsor Castle. She married Eric II, King of Norway (1268–1300), on c.31 August, 1281 at Bergen, Norway, and had issue:
(i) Queen Margaret ( see here).
Margaret died on 9 April, 1283, at Tönsberg, Norway, in childbed, and was buried in Christ Kirk, Bergen, Norway.
2 Alexander
He was born on 21 January, 1264, at Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. He died on 17 or 28 January, 1284, at Lindores Abbey, Fife, and was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.
Alexander married on 15 November, 1282, at Roxburgh:
Margaret
She was the daughter of Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders.
After the death of Alexander, she married secondly Reginald I, Count of Gueldres in c.1290, and had issue:
1 Reginald II, Count of Gueldres (d.1343); he married firstly Sophia of Malines (d.1329) and had issue, and secondly Eleanor, daughter of Edward II of England ( see here), and had issue.